1. Materials

模型制作與材料有著密不可分的關(guān)系。從早期出土的陶土模型、到早期使用木頭、紙質(zhì)材料，再到現(xiàn)在的有機分子材料、合金材料等，這種變化正是得益于材料業(yè)的發(fā)展。但是，作為模型制作的材料還是屈指可數(shù)的，遠遠不能滿足模型制作的要求。從某種意義上說，材料限制著模型的表現(xiàn)形式，給模型制作帶來了一定的局限性。

Model making is closely related to materials. From the early unearthed clay model, to the early use of wood and paper materials, and then to the current organic molecular materials and alloy materials, this change benefits from the development of the material industry. However, as the professional materials of model making, they are still few and far from meeting the requirements of model making. In a sense, materials limit the form of expression of the model and bring some limitations to the model making.

隨著材料科學的不斷發(fā)展以及商業(yè)行為的驅(qū)使，模型制作所需的基本材料和材料呈現(xiàn)多樣化的趨勢。模型制作將不會停留在對現(xiàn)有材料的使用上，而是探索、開發(fā)、使用各種新材料。模型制作的半成品材料將隨著模型制作的化而日漸繁多。

With the continuous development of material science and driven by commercial behavior, the basic materials and professional materials required for model making show a diversified trend. Model making will not stay on the use of existing materials, but explore, develop and use all kinds of new materials. The semi-finished materials for model making will become more and more with the specialization of model making.

材料的仿真度將隨著高科技的發(fā)展而有重大提高，其視覺表現(xiàn)力優(yōu)先于它的理性化特性。模型制作是一種微縮的藝術(shù)仿真制作，材料的仿真程度關(guān)系著制作者的表達。從目前來看，模型的仿真還屬于較低層次，遠遠不能滿足模型制作的要求。這種材料滯后現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生，主要是受兩個方面的影響：其一，模型制作的發(fā)展還未進入一個規(guī)模化的生產(chǎn)。模型制作從開發(fā)到應(yīng)用，未能進入一個良性循環(huán)，因此商業(yè)因素是材料產(chǎn)生滯后現(xiàn)象的根本原因。其二，目前的加工工藝、磨具制作等非商業(yè)因素的水平，還不能滿足高仿真化模型材料制作的要求。 我們應(yīng)該看到，這種滯后現(xiàn)象只是一個暫時的過程，必將隨著模型制作業(yè)的發(fā)展和未來高科技的發(fā)展而消失。隨著模型業(yè)與其他行業(yè)的不斷交融，不同的各類材料將在模型上得以運用，其表現(xiàn)效果會越來越好。

The simulation degree of materials will be greatly improved with the development of high technology, and its visual expression takes precedence over its rational characteristics. Model making is a miniature art simulation making, and the simulation degree of materials is related to the expression of the producer. At present, the simulation of the model is still at a low level, which is far from meeting the requirements of model making. The lag phenomenon is mainly caused by two aspects: first, the development of model making has not yet entered a large-scale professional production. Model making failed to enter a virtuous cycle from development to application, so commercial factors are the root cause of material lag. Second, the current level of non-commercial factors such as processing technology and abrasive tool manufacturing can not meet the requirements of high simulation model material manufacturing. We should see that this lag phenomenon is only a temporary process, which will disappear with the development of model making industry and the development of high technology in the future. With the continuous integration of the model industry and other industries, different types of materials will be used in the model, and its performance effect will be better and better.

2、表現(xiàn)形式

2. Form of expression

目前，模型的表現(xiàn)大都根據(jù)需要和可能來制定具體的表現(xiàn)形式。特別是建筑模型，因為主要是圍繞房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展、建筑設(shè)計的展示和建筑學的教學來進行的，其形式更加如此。因此，就其表現(xiàn)形式來看，建筑模型是較為單一的，主要是以具象的形式進行表現(xiàn)的。展望未來，這種具象的形式仍將采用。但隨著人們觀念上的變化和對模型制作這門造型藝術(shù)的深層次理解和認識，則將會產(chǎn)生更多的表現(xiàn)形式。 未來的、新的表現(xiàn)形式則側(cè)重于其藝術(shù)性、觀賞性與研究性的抽象表現(xiàn)形式。

At present, the performance of the model is mostly based on the needs and possibilities to formulate specific forms. Especially architectural model, because it is mainly carried out around the development of real estate industry, the display of architectural design and the teaching of architecture, its form is even more so. Therefore, in terms of its form of expression, the architectural model is relatively single, mainly in the form of concrete expression. Looking forward to the future, this concrete form will still be adopted. However, with the change of people's concept and the deep understanding and understanding of the plastic art of model making, more forms of expression will be produced. The future and new forms of expression focus on its artistic, ornamental and research abstract forms of expression.

3、工具

3. Tools

模型制作的工具是制約模型制作水平的一個重要因素。目前，在模型制作中較多地采用手工和半機械化加工。加工制作工具較多地采用鈑金、木工和加工工具，制作工具屈指可數(shù)。這一現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生，主要是由于模型制作還未進入到一個化生產(chǎn)的規(guī)模，正是這種現(xiàn)象制約了模型制作水平的提高。但從現(xiàn)在國外工具業(yè)的發(fā)展和未來的發(fā)展趨勢來看，隨著模型制作業(yè)和材料業(yè)的發(fā)展及化加工的需要，模型制作工具將向著系統(tǒng)化、化的方向發(fā)展，屆時模型制作的水平也將得到進一步的提高。

The tool of model making is an important factor restricting the level of model making. At present, manual and semi mechanized processing are mostly used in model making. Sheet metal, woodworking and processing tools are mostly used for processing and production tools, and professional production tools are few. This phenomenon is mainly due to the fact that the model making has not yet entered a professional production scale. It is this phenomenon that restricts the improvement of the model making level. However, from the current development and future development trend of foreign tool industry, with the development of model making industry and material industry and the needs of professional processing, model making tools will develop towards systematization and specialization, and the level of model making will be further improved at that time.

4、智能化和動態(tài)化

4. Intelligent and dynamic

近年來，盡管模型制作的表現(xiàn)已經(jīng)非常細膩，而且燈光效果也非常抓人，但往往還是不能滿足實際需求。講究功能的完備、形式上與真實感的統(tǒng)一，都要求模型改變傳統(tǒng)靜態(tài)的展示形式。以房地產(chǎn)銷售模型為例，十年前不用模型售樓，僅用圖紙貼在墻上說明即可；六年前只要用一般模型能夠清晰表達空間關(guān)系即可，一年前則要求用精確的帶燈光的模型；近年來開始研究采用多媒體計算機控制的聲、光、電一體模型，即解說講到哪里，電影畫面演示到哪里。而且還采用遙控靜音雙語播雙解說系統(tǒng)，同時模型以外的環(huán)境氛圍燈也全部采用電腦控制， 根據(jù)情節(jié)的需要調(diào)節(jié)氣氛。 5、制作工藝     手工制作模型是沿襲下來的一種傳統(tǒng)制作方法。從出土的古代陶土模型來看，其手工指間的痕跡很重，那是因為當時制作工作的匱乏，一些基本的科技只能靠手工和指間的感覺來保證；到了傳說中的魯班師傅搭建角樓模型的時候，斧、鑿、刀、鋸、刨等鐵制作專門工具已經(jīng)具備了，所以角樓中的梁、棟、拱等就能到具體的表現(xiàn)了。而現(xiàn)在的模型制作中，卡紙、ABS工程塑料板等大量運用，大量專門工具和電腦雕刻機的出現(xiàn)，無不體現(xiàn)計算機CAD輔助設(shè)計的強大威力，使得其精度和效率都獲得極大的提高。

In recent years, although the performance of model making has been very delicate, and the lighting effect is also very attractive, it often can not meet the actual needs. Paying attention to the completeness of function and the unity of form and reality require the model to change the traditional static display form. Take the real estate sales model as an example. Ten years ago, the model was not used for sales, but only pasted on the wall with drawings; Six years ago, as long as the general model could clearly express the spatial relationship, a year ago, it was required to use an accurate model with light; In recent years, it has begun to study the integrated model of sound, light and electricity controlled by multimedia computer, that is, where the explanation is told and where the film picture is demonstrated. In addition, the remote-controlled silent Bilingual Broadcasting and double interpretation system is also adopted. At the same time, the ambient atmosphere lights outside the model are all controlled by computer to adjust the atmosphere according to the needs of the plot. 5. Manufacturing process hand-made model is a traditional manufacturing method. From the unearthed ancient clay model, the traces of manual fingertips are very heavy, because there was a lack of production work at that time, and some basic technologies can only be guaranteed by hand and fingertips; When the legendary master Luban built the turret model, special tools for iron production such as axe, chisel, knife, saw and planer have been available, so the beams, buildings and arches in the turret can be expressed in detail. In the current model making, paper jam, ABS engineering plastic board and a large number of special tools and computer engraving machines are widely used, which all reflect the powerful power of CAD, and greatly improve its accuracy and efficiency.